chap.1 경영학(인적자원관리, 조직관리, 생산관리) 1
Ⅰ. 인적자원관리의 개념 및 관리방안에 관한 사항 ·············· 3
 
Ⅱ. 노사관계관리에 관한 사항 ······················ 4
1. 노사관계 ······························ 4
2. 노동3권 ···························· 4
3. 단체협약 ······························ 4
4. 노동조합(Labor Union) ························ 4
5. 숍제도(Shop System) : 노동조합 가입방법 ················· 8
6. 근로자의 경영참가(Worker's Participation System) ············ 9
7. 미국의 노동관계법 ························ 10
 
Ⅲ. 조직관리의 개념에 관한 사항 ······················ 11
1. 조직구조(Organization Structure) ·················· 11
2. 기술과 조직구조 : (기술 구조조직설계의 3대 학자) ·············· 15
(1) 우드워드(J. Woodward)의 기술 3분류 ··················· 15
(2) 톰슨(J. Thompson)의 기술 3분류 ··················· 15
(3) 페로우(C. Perrow)의 기술 4분류 ···················· 15
3. 막스 베버(M. Weber)의 관료제 이론(Bureaucracy) ············ 16
4. 인적자원관리 ···························· 16
(1) 테일러(F. W. Taylor)의 과학적 관리론(Scientific Management) ········ 16
(2) 포드(H. Ford)의 동시관리 ····················· 16
(3) 메이요(Mayo)의 호손실험 인간관계론(Human Relations) ·········· 17
5. 조직문화(Organizational Culture) ·················· 17
(1) 파스칼(R. Pascale)과 애토스(A. Athos)의 7S 조직문화 구성요소 ········ 18
(2) 딜과 케네디(T. Deal and A. Kennedy)의 조직문화 구성요소와 유형 ········ 18
(3) 데니슨(D. R. Denison)의 조직문화 유형 ·················· 19
(4) 샤인(E. Schein)의 조직문화의 변화 3단계 ················ 19
(5) 퀸(Robert Quinn)의 조직문화유형(경쟁가치모델) ············· 20
(6) 홉스테드(G. Hofstede)의 문화차원(cultural dimensions) ············ 20
(7) 레윈(레빈, K. Lewin)의 조직변화 3단계 모델 ··············· 21
(8) 슈나이더의 유인-선발-이탈 모델(ASA : Attraction-Selection-Attrition model) ··· 21
6. 조직문화의 순기능과 역기능 ······················ 21
7. 안전문화 및 안전풍토 ························· 22
 
Ⅳ. 조직행동론에 관한 사항 ························ 25
1. 프렌치(J. French)와 레이븐(B. Raven)의 사회적 권력(social power)의 원
2. 리더십(leadership) ·························· 25
3. 행동이론(Behavior Theory)의 종류 ···················· 26
4. 상황이론(Contingency Theory)의 종류 ·················· 28
5. 현대적 리더십의 종류 ························· 30
 
Ⅴ. 생산관리 및 제품생애주기 ····················· 32
 
Ⅵ. 생산시스템 및 관련 이론 ······················ 35
1. 생산시스템(Productive System)의 5요소(단계) ················ 35
2. 푸시(push) 시스템 VS. 풀(pull) 시스템 ·················· 35
3. 자재소요계획(MRP : Material Requirements Planning ·········· 36
4. 셀생산시스템(CMS : Cellular Manufacturing System) ··········· 36
5. 유연생산시스템(FMS : Flexible Manufacturing System) ··········· 36
6. 모듈생산시스템(MPS : Modular Production System ············ 36
7. 적시생산시스템(JIT : Just In Time) ···················· 36
8. 전사적 자원관리(ERP : Enterprise Resource Planning) ·········· 37
9. 공급자주도형 재고관리(VMI : Vendor Managed Inventory) ········ 38
10. 공급사슬관리(SCM : Supply Chain Management) ············ 38
11. 비즈니스 프로세스 리엔지니어링(BPR : Business Process Re-engineering） ··· 38
 
Ⅶ. 수요예측 및 기법 ························ 39
1. 수요예측(Demand Forecasting) ··················· 39
2. 수요예측의 정성적 기법 ······················ 39
3. 수요예측의 정량적 기법 ······················ 40
 
Ⅷ. 생산운영 공정과 설비배치 ····················· 44
1. 프로젝트 관리(공정/일정 관리) ···················· 44
2. 프로젝트(공정/일정) 관리 기법 ····················· 44
(1) 간트차트(Gantt Chart) ······················ 44
(2) CPM VS. PERT ························· 45
3. 설비배치와 설비배치계획 ······················· 46
4. 작업장(workstation)의 설비배치의 유형 ················· 46
(1) 제품별 배치(product layout), ····················· 46
(2) 공정별 배치(process layout), ····················· 46
(3) 셀형 배치(cellular layout), GT배치(Group Technology layout) ······· 47
(4) 고정위치형 배치(fixed position layout) ················ 47
 
Ⅸ. 재고관리 ····························· 48
1. 재고관리 ···························· 48
2. 재고비용(Inventory Cost)의 구성 ···················· 48
3. 재고의 기능에 따른 분류 ······················· 49
4. 경제적주문량 모형(EOQ : Economic Order Quantity) ············ 49
5. ABC 재고관리(선택적 재고 관리 : ABC Inventory Management) ······ 50
6. 손익분기점(BEP : Break Even Point) ················· 51
7. 서비스 수율관리(서비스 운영관리, 收率管理, Yield Management) ······ 52
8. 공급사슬관리(SCM : Supply Chain Management) ·············· 54
9. 지속가능한 공급사슬관리(SSCM : Sustainable Supply Chain Management) ··· 55
10. 재고모형 ··························· 56
 
Ⅹ. 품질관리 ··························· 57
1. 품질관리(Quality Control) ····················· 57
2. 통계적 품질관리(SQC : Statistical Quality Control)의 7 Tools ········· 58
3. 종합적 품질관리(TQC), 전사적 품질관리(CWQC) ··············· 60
4. 종합적 품질경영(총체적 품질경영, TQM : Total Quality Management) ···· 61
5. 6시그마 운동 ···························· 62
6. 다구치 기법(Taguchi Method) 및 손실함수(Taguchi Loss Function) ····· 64
7. 수율관리(Yield Management) ······················ 65
8. SERVQUAL 모형 ························· 65
9. HACCP(식품안전관리인증기준, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) ··· 66
10. 대량고객화(Mass Customization) ·················· 66
11. 쥬란(J. Juran)의 품질삼각축(Quality Trilogy) ················ 67
12. 데밍(W. Deming)의 7가지 병폐와 14가지 품질경영 철학 ········· 68
 
Ⅺ. 생산관리 최신이론에 관한 사항 ····················· 69
1, 국제표준화기구(ISO : International Organization for Standardization) ····· 69
2. 환경경영(EM)과 지속가능한 성장(SD) ·················· 69
3. 기업의 사회적 책임(CSR : Corporate Social Responsibility) ········ 70
4. 포터와 크래머의 공유가치창출(CSV : Creating Shared Value) ········· 70
 
 
chap.2 산업심리학 71
Ⅰ. 산업심리 개념 및 요소 ······················ 73
1. 산업심리학(Industrial Psychology) ···················· 73
2. 산업심리학의 연구방법 [19-60] ···················· 73
3. 심리검사 ···························· 73
4. 볼더(Boulder)의 과학자-실무자 모델(Scientist-Practitioner model) : 임상심리학자의 역할 ··· 74
5. 특질이론 ···························· 74
 
Ⅱ. 직무수행과 평가 ························· 76
1. 직무분석(Job Analysis) ······················ 76
2. 직무설계(Job Design) ························· 79
3. 직무평가(Job Evaluation) ······················ 81
4. 직무급 제도(職務給, job-based pay) ·················· 82
5. 인적자원의 보상- ························· 83
6. 현장직무교육 : OJT(On the Job Training, 직장內 교육훈련) ·········· 83
 
Ⅲ. 심리평가의 신뢰도와 타당도 ····················· 84
1, 신뢰도(Reliability) ························ 84
2. 타당도(Validity) ··························· 84
3. 심리평가에서 검사의 신뢰도와 타당도의 상호관계 ··············· 86
 
Ⅳ. 준거(Criterion) ··························· 87
1. 준거이론(Criterion Theory) ····················· 87
2. 개념준거와 실제준거 ························ 87
3. 준거의 특성 ·························· 87
4. 직무수행에서의 준거 ························ 88
5. 예측변인(검사항목) ·························· 88
6. 준거점수(準據點數, cut-off score, cut score) ··············· 88
 
Ⅴ. 인사선발과 인사평가 ························· 89
1. 인사선발 ···························· 89
2. 인사평가(인사고과, 인사평정) ····················· 90
3. 인사평가의 오류 ··························· 94
4. 임금관리 ···························· 95
 
Ⅵ. 직무태도 및 동기 ························ 97
1. 직무태도 ···························· 97
2. 오건(D. Organ)의 조직시민행동(OCB : Organizational Citizenship Behavior) · 97
3. 학습이론 ···························· 98
4. 작업동기 이론(동기부여 이론, 직무동기 이론, Motivation Theory) ······ 99
(1) 허츠버그(F. Herzberg)의 2요인 이론(동기-위생 이론, two-factor theory) ···· 100
(2) 매슬로우(A. Maslow)의 욕구 5단계이론(Maslow’s hierarchy of needs) ···· 100
(3) 알더퍼(C. Alderfer)의 ERG 이론 ·················· 100
(4) 맥그리거(D. McGregor)의 X, Y 이론 ·················· 101
(5) 브롬(V. Vroom)의 기대 이론(Expectancy Theory) : VIE이론 ·········· 102
(6) 아담스(J. Adams)의 형평이론(공정성 이론)(Equity Theory) ··········· 103
(7) 로크(E. Locke)의 목표설정 이론(Goal-Setting Theory) ·········· 104
(8) 데시(Edward Deci)와 라이언((Richard Ryan)의 자기결정이론(SDT : self-determination theory) ·· 105
(9) 반두라(Albert Bandura) 등의 자기조절 이론(self-regulation theory) ······ 106
(10) 작업설계 이론(Work Design Theory) ·················· 107
(11) 맥클랜드(D. McClelland)의 성취동기이론(Achievement Motivation Theory) ···· 107
5. 경력개발(Career Development) ···················· 108
6. 경력정체 및 경력경로 ······················· 110
7. 직무만족(Job Satisfaction) ······················ 112
8. 번아웃 증후군(Burnout Syndrome) ·················· 114
 
Ⅶ. 작업집단(팀, Team)의 특성 ···················· 115
1. 집단(팀)의 유형 ·························· 115
2. 터크맨(B. Tuckman)의 팀 발달 5단계(팀생애주기) ············ 115
3. 팀 프로세스(Team Process) 관련 모델 : 팀 효과성 ············ 116
4. 마크(M. Marks)의 팀 과정(Team Process)의 3요인 모형 ········· 116
5. 팀워크(Teamwork)와 갈등(Conflict) ················· 117
6. 사회적 태만(Social Loafing) ······················ 118
7. 집단사고와 집단극화 : 집단지성(collective intelligence)의 부작용 ········ 119
8. 사회적 촉진(Social Facilitation Theory), 사회적 제약(Social Inhibition Theory) 이론 · 119
 
Ⅷ. 커뮤니케이션과 의사결정 ····················· 120
1. 커뮤니케이션 ··························· 120
2. 지식과 지식창조의 과정 ······················· 121
3. 합리적 의사결정 모형과 제한된 합리성 이론 ··············· 122
4. 집단의사결정기법 ·························· 123
 
Ⅸ. 산업재해와 행동 특성 ······················ 124
1. 산업재해이론 ·························· 124
2. 휴먼에러(human error) ······················ 124
3. 반생산적 업무행동(CWB : Counter-productive Work Behavior) ······· 124
4. 스키너(B. F. Skinner)의 ABC행동이론 ················· 126
5. 엘리스(A. Ellis)의 합리정서행동치료(REBT : Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) ··· 127
 
Ⅹ. 인간의 특성과 직무환경 ······················ 129
1. 인간정보처리(Human Information Processing)이론 ············ 129
2. 인간의 정보처리 방식 ······················ 132
3. 게슈탈트 지각 원리(Gestalt psychology), 형태주의(Gestalt approach) ··· 133
4. 신호검출이론(신호탐지이론, SDT : Signal Detection Theory) ········ 134
5. 착시현상 → 산업안전일반으로 이동 ··················· 134
6. 인간의 정보처리와 표시장치의 양립성(compatibility) → 산업안전일반으로 이동 ·· 134
Ⅺ. 직무환경과 건강 ························ 135
1. 와르(Warr)의 정신 건강(심리적 건강) 5가지 구성요소 ··········· 135
2. 직무스트레스(직업스트레스, Job stress, Occupational stress) ······· 135
3. 성격 유형과 직무스트레스 ······················ 136
4. 직업 스트레스 모델 ··························· 137
5. 여키스-도슨의 법칙(Yerkes-Dodson Law) ················· 139
6. 스트레스 대처방법(Stress Coping) ····················· 140
Ⅻ. 인간의 특성과 인간관계 ·························· 141
1. 일(직장)과 가정 ··························· 141
2. 토마스와 킬만의 조직 갈등관리 5유형(Thomas & Kilmann, Conflict Management) ·· 142
3. 기타 이론 ······························ 143
chap.3 산업위생개론 145
Ⅰ. 산업위생의 개념 ····························· 147
1. 산업위생의 정의 ····························· 147
2. 산업위생의 활동·범위 : 미국산업위생전문가협회(ACGIH) ·········· 147
3. 산업위생의 목적 ····························· 148
4. 산업위생전문가(Industrial Hygienist)의 주요 활동 ·············· 148
5. 우리나라 산업보건 역사 ························· 149
6. 외국의 산업보건 역사와 시대별 주요 인물 ················ 150
7. 산업위생전문가의 윤리강령(AAIH : 미국산업위생학술원) : 윤리적 행위의 기준 · 152
Ⅱ. 작업환경노출기준 개념 ························· 153
1. 위험물 ································· 153
2. 「화학물질 및 물리적 인자의 노출기준」(occupational exposure limits) ······ 153
3. 허용기준(노출기준, 허용농도, TLV : Threshold Limit Value) 적용상 주의사항 ·· 157
4. 발암물질의 분류 ····························· 158
(1) 국제암연구소(IARC)의 구분 ··························· 158
(2) 미국산업위생전문가협회(ACGIH)의 구분 ····················· 158
(3) 한국의 발암성 정보물질의 표기(고용노동부 고시) ················· 158
5. Theodore Hatch(1972)의 노출량과 반응관계(Dose-Response Relationship) · 160
6. 『화학물질 위험성평가 기법』 CHARM(Chemical Hazard Risk Management) ·· 161
7. 유해성·위험성평가(이하, 「화학물질의 유해성·위험성평가에 관한 규정」 참조) ···· 162
8. 세계적 노출기준 제정기관과 노출기준 ···················· 163
9. 생물학적 노출지표검사 ························ 164
Ⅲ. 작업환경 측정 및 평가 ·························· 165
1. 작업환경측정 ···························· 165
2. 작업환경측정 방법(「산업안전보건법 시행규칙」 제189조제1항각호) ······· 165
3. 작업환경측정 대상 유해인자 ························ 165
4. 시료채취 방법(Sampling) ························· 166
5. 표준기구 ······························ 167
6. 유해인자와 시료채취 매체 ······················· 168
7. 중금속의 정량법 ····························· 170
8. 크로마토그래피(Chromatography) ····················· 170
9. 온열환경 측정 ····························· 171
10 작업환경측정결과의 통계 ······················· 172
11. 「작업환경측정 및 정도관리 등에 관한 고시」················· 174
Ⅳ. 산업환기 ································ 180
1. 국소배기장치(Local exhaust ventilation) ·················· 180
2. 후드 ································· 181
3. 덕트 ······························· 184
4. 공기정화장치 ···························· 185
5. 송풍기(배풍기) ···························· 186
6. 보충용 공기의 공급 ··························· 186
7. 배기구 설치와 재유입 방지 ······················· 187
8. 속도압(동압)과 정압의 측정 ······················ 187
9. 전체환기장치 ···························· 188
10. 베르누이 방정식(Bernoulli's Equation) ················· 189
11. 마찰손실(friction loss) ························ 190
12. 나노먼지, 나노미세먼지 ························ 192
13. 방진 마스크 ···························· 192
14. 방독 마스크 ···························· 193
15. HVACs(Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning system) ········ 194
Ⅴ. 건강검진과 근로자건강관리 ························· 195
Ⅵ. 유해인자의 인체영향 ·························· 203
1. 레이노 증후군(레노현상, 백색수지증, Raynaud's syndrome) ········ 203
2. 적외선(Infrared ray) ·························· 203
3. 자외선(Ultraviolet ray) ························· 203
4. 방사선(radiation), 전리방사선(ionized radiation) ············· 203
5. 비전리방사선(non-ionizing radiation ) ··················· 203
6. VDT(Visual Display Terminal) 증후군 ················· 204
7. 수근관증후군(손목터널증후군, carpal tunnel syndrome) ··········· 204
8. 눈부심의 조건 ····························· 204
9. 크롬(chromium) ··························· 204
10. 석면(Asbestos) ··························· 204
11. 수은(mercury) ···························· 204
12. 유리규산(이산화규소, SiO2, Free silica) ················ 205
13. 메탄올(methanol) ························· 205
14. 허용기준 설정물질의 유해성 ······················ 205
15. 납 ································ 206
16. 카드뮴(cadmium) ·························· 207
17. 아세톤(acetone) ·························· 207
18. 라돈 ······························· 207
19. 노말헥산 ······························ 207
20. 디메틸포름아미드(DMF) ························· 208
21. 이황화탄소 ····························· 208
22. 벤젠 ······························· 208
23. 감염성 질환(infectious disease, communicable disease)과 병원체(pathogen) 208
24. 유기용제(有機溶劑, organic solvent ··················· 210
25. 교대근무(Shift Work) ························· 210
chap.4 단원별 기출문제(2013~2023년) 213
1. 경영학(인적자원관리, 조직관리, 생산관리) ··················· 215
Ⅰ. 인적자원관리의 개념 및 관리방안에 관한 사항 ·············· 215
Ⅱ. 노사관계관리에 관한 사항 ························ 215
Ⅲ. 조직관리의 개념에 관한 사항 ····················· 218
Ⅳ. 조직행동론에 관한 사항 ························ 225
Ⅴ. 생산관리 및 제품생애주기 ························ 227
Ⅵ. 생산시스템 및 관련 이론 ························· 228
Ⅶ. 수요예측 및 기법 ·························· 231
Ⅷ. 생산운영 공정과 설비배치 ························ 234
Ⅸ. 재고관리 ······························· 237
Ⅹ. 품질관리 ······························· 240
Ⅺ. 생산관리 최신이론에 관한 사항 ····················· 243
2. 산업심리학 ······························· 244
Ⅰ. 산업심리 개념 및 요소 ························ 244
Ⅱ. 직무수행과 평가 ···························· 245
Ⅲ. 심리평가의 신뢰도와 타당도 ······················· 250
Ⅳ. 준거(Criterion) ····························· 252
Ⅴ. 인사선발과 인사평가 ··························· 252
Ⅵ. 직무태도 및 동기 ·························· 260
Ⅶ. 작업집단의 특성 ···························· 267
Ⅷ. 커뮤니케이션과 의사결정 ······················· 270
Ⅸ. 산업재해와 행동 특성 ························· 271
Ⅹ. 인간의 특성과 직무환경 ························ 273
Ⅺ. 직무환경과 건강 ···························· 276
Ⅻ. 인간의 특성과 인간관계 ························ 281
3. 산업위생개론 ······························ 282
Ⅰ. 산업위생의 개념 ···························· 282
Ⅱ. 작업환경노출기준 개념 ·························· 286
Ⅲ. 작업환경 측정 및 평가 ························ 292
Ⅳ. 산업환기 ······························· 296
Ⅴ. 건강검진과 근로자건강관리 ······················ 300
Ⅵ. 유해인자의 인체영향 ··························· 302